Clinical Sonography III Practice Exam

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• Which test is commonly performed in conjunction with a hemodialysis access graft assessment?
• What penile/brachial index value defines a normal result?
• Which ultrasound window is used to evaluate the ophthalmic artery?
• In the transorbital approach, which vessels are assessed?
• The device that uses an infrared LED and a nearby photosensor to measure blood volume changes by detecting backscattered light is called what?
• Follow the outflow vein to the central veins to evaluate for which complication?
• Which action is part of the compression technique during carotid assessment?
• An oxygen challenge should be used if PO2 falls between normal and poor levels. After the challenge, the PO2 should be higher by how much?
• Which statement correctly differentiates AC coupling from DC coupling?
• Which change in Doppler flow characteristics corresponds to deterioration of cerebral perfusion leading toward brain death?
• What combination of studies is typically performed in penile pressure and waveform testing?
• An abnormal connection between arteries and veins is called what?
• Which ABI value indicates ischemic rest pain?
• To evaluate the entire graft course for stenosis or access problems, what is the primary purpose of imaging from the graft to the distal vessels?
• In a transorbital Doppler exam, which vessel at 60-80 mm depth with parasellar flow and about 47 cm/s velocity is described?
• Which statement is NOT a characteristic of a normal plethysmography waveform?
• During carotid artery assessment, how many cardiac cycles should be held during compression?
• In pre-operative arterial evaluation for a hemodialysis access graft, which parameter indicates arterial inflow?
• A penile/brachial index below which value is associated with vasculogenic impotence?
• During inspiration, which statement about the IVC is true?
• Which vessel is described as having retrograde flow on the transtemporal study?
• After cold immersion, how often are waveforms obtained and for how long?
• Which statement correctly describes the relationship between the venous thresholds for fistulas and grafts?
• Which statement best describes criteria for diagnosing graft stenosis?
• In the transforamenal approach, which vessels are assessed?
• What should be done after applying compression during carotid assessment?
• The study that uses an adhesive fixation ring on intact skin with electrolyte solution and heats the skin to 44-45°C to cause vasodilation is called what test?
• What happens to blood in the deep calf veins during contraction?
• During carotid artery assessment, which compression technique is recommended?
• What is the minimum arterial lumen diameter for an access graft?
• In duplex imaging after injection, which resistivity pattern is observed in the penile arteries?
• In an upright patient, which location has the highest hydrostatic pressure?
• For a fistula, which venous lumen diameter is considered adequate?
• In the oscillation technique, which action is performed?
• Intermittent compression of the brachial plexus causing arm/hand pain, weakness, and paresthesia describes which syndrome?
• What graft flow volume indicates possible congestive heart failure?
• The term air-plethysmography is an alternative name for which technique?
• Which best describes the purpose of using oscillation technique during carotid assessment?
• What is the normal high thigh index?
• Which vessels are connected by a PTFE upper arm hemodialysis graft?
• During relaxation, which describes the hydrostatic pressure column?
• During relaxation, which statement about proximal deep valves is true?
• What occurs during contraction of the calf muscle pump?
• During inspiration, which of the following occurs?
• Which post-injection PSV value range is considered marginal?
• Which of the following is a mechanism contributing to venous hemodynamics?
• In a supine patient, hydrostatic pressures across major body regions tend to be approximately equal.
• Which statement best describes infection risk with synthetic grafts?
• Which ABI value indicates probable claudication?
• What graft connects the radial artery to the median cubital, basilic or cephalic vein and can be straight or tapered?
• The tcPO2 procedure is used to assess what physiological parameter by vasodilation?
• In transtemporal Doppler assessment, which vessel is typically observed at a depth of 30-60 mm with antegrade flow around 55 cm/s?
• In transorbital Doppler, which vessel at 40-60 mm depth with antegrade flow around 21 cm/s is described?
• Absence of arterial signal with low diastolic component in the segment proximal to the area indicates what?
• In an access graft, the venous lumen diameter threshold used is at least which measurement?
• During thoracic outlet syndrome evaluation, which modality is used to monitor the limb?
• What is the approximate velocity described for the terminal internal carotid artery in this data?
• During post-operative assessment of a hemodialysis access graft, which finding is most directly associated with graft thrombosis due to stenosis?
• During the calf muscle pump, blood is propelled toward which direction?
• What does the STOP Protocol refer to in stroke prevention for sickle cell disease?
• What term refers to involuntary contraction of a blood vessel?
• Which plethysmography method uses a cuff around a limb that is inflated to create a volume change, which is converted to an analog pressure signal for recording?
• Which of the following best describes a component involved in the calf muscle pump?
• Where is the most common site for neointimal hyperplasia in a hemodialysis access graft?
• Impedance plethysmography is primarily used to assess which condition?
• In pre-injection duplex imaging, which resistivity pattern is seen in the penile arteries?
• In the transtemporal approach, which vessels are assessed?
• What is the flow volume equation used for grafts?
• During contraction, which statement about perforator valves is true?
• Which ABI value indicates multi-level disease or long segment occlusion?
• Which statement about hydrostatic pressure is true?
• If intravascular pressure is higher than the pressure outside the tissue, the transmural pressure is which state?
• Which scan protocol is used to evaluate a hemodialysis access graft?
• In volume plethysmography, volume changes are converted into what kind of signal for recording?
• Volume plethysmography is also known as which of the following?
• What measurement is used to determine wound healing potential and anticipated amputation level?
• What does a normal exam look like during a pre-op venous evaluation?
• Which genetic disorder causes abnormal hemoglobin, leading to red blood cells with a sickle shape?
• Collapsed veins illustrate which transmural pressure state?
• What is the velocity described for the internal carotid artery when imaged via the transorbital window?
• What graft connects the brachial artery to the cephalic or basilic vein? It can also connect the SFA to the saphenous vein.
• Which acoustic window is used as the primary access to intracranial vessels in transcranial Doppler imaging?
• Which test assesses collateral hand circulation before fistula creation?
• In the described path, what is the pressure at the venules?
• What is the normal post-injection PSV threshold?
• During relaxation, which statement describes distal intraluminal pressure?
• What should be noted when performing compression in carotid assessment?
• Which techniques are performed in penile pressure and waveform testing?
• A typical transducer frequency used for penile Doppler duplex ultrasound is?
• What is the approximate velocity described for the posterior cerebral artery in this data?
• Hydrostatic pressure is defined as pressure arising from the weight of fluid above.
• What occurs during the calf muscle pump at rest?
• Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of abnormal plethysmography waveform?
• Which venous lumen size is specifically recommended for a fistula, not a graft?
• How many stages are described in brain death?
• If tissue pressure is higher than intravascular pressure, transmural pressure is which state?
• Which venous lumen size is considered adequate specifically for a fistula?
• What is the preferred minimum venous lumen diameter for an access graft?
• Positions used for thoracic outlet syndrome assessment include which set?
• Veins are described as which?
• In neurogenic thoracic outlet syndrome, which structure is primarily compressed?
• What is the normal FBI range?
• What is the Ohm's law formula?
• Which post-injection PSV value range is considered reduced?
• How do PTFE dialysis grafts typically appear on ultrasound?
• Which of the following is a venous access complication?
• Which pattern is observed or noted during the oscillation technique?
• Which plethysmography uses aluminum strip electrodes around the limb, thigh cuffs to inhibit venous flow, and low-level current to measure impedance with four-wire configuration?
• To obtain a graft flow volume, which three steps should be completed?
• During transcranial Doppler screening for sickle cell disease, which arteries are typically evaluated, and what is the normal upper limit for the middle cerebral artery velocity?
• What is the minimum venous lumen diameter for an access graft (not the preferred size)?
• Vasospasm velocity is considered normal if it is below what value?
• Post-injection, which statement best describes deep dorsal venous flow?
• What is the minimum arterial lumen diameter for a hemodialysis access graft?
• Which value is a standard threshold used for venous lumen diameter in an access graft?
• Which range defines a marginal penile/brachial index?
• In transcranial Doppler, the angle of insonification is assumed to be what?
• In an upper arm PTFE dialysis graft, what is the typical outflow vein?
• Plethysmography measures which parameter in a limb?
• In a hemodialysis access graft, the venous lumen diameter should be at least which measurement?
• In transtemporal Doppler, which vessel at about 55-65 mm depth presents bidirectional flow with velocity near 55 cm/s?
• Which parameter increases with arterial inflow after injection?
• For a fistula in a hemodialysis access, which venous lumen diameter meets the adequacy threshold?
• Grafts/fistulas are allowed to mature for how long before use?
• Veins are what kind of system?
• What is the normal range for tcPO2?
• What is the approximate velocity described for the middle cerebral artery in this data set?
• Which agents are used for penile pharmacologic induction during testing?
• Strain gauge plethysmography uses a mercury-filled silicone rubber tube with copper electrodes; what physical change does the gauge measure?
• Which window is used to assess the retromandibular and proximal intracranial ICA?
• What transducer configuration is typically used for TCD?
• In the submandibular approach, which vessels are assessed?
• Which graft configuration uses a loop to connect a proximal artery to a distal vein?
• Which value is the highest among standard venous diameter thresholds used in an access graft?
• What term describes the pressure difference between the inside of a vein and the surrounding tissue?
• In the described path from the left ventricle to the right atrium, what is the pressure in the right atrium?
• In transtemporal Doppler, which vessel at 60-70 mm depth shows antegrade flow with about 39 cm/s velocity?
• Which sites of the hemodialysis access graft should be Doppler interrogated?
• Which multiplicative factor is used in the graft flow volume equation to convert to per-minute units?
• Which measurements are essential when calculating graft flow volume?
• Following papaverine injection to induce erection, measurements are obtained for up to how long post-injection?
• In the described path from the left ventricle to the right atrium, which sequence correctly lists the vascular segments from proximal to distal?
• Distended veins are an example of which transmural pressure state?
• In transtemporal Doppler, which vessel at 60-80 mm depth demonstrates retrograde flow with velocity near 55 cm/s?
• Which acoustic window provides access to evaluate the intracranial vertebral and basilar arteries?
• Penile pressures and waveforms are used to assess what?
• Which change in arterial diameter is expected after papaverine injection?
• What is the pressure in the left ventricle in the described pathway?
• Strain gauge plethysmography measures which specific physical change in the limb?
• What PO2 value range is considered poor?
• Which factor primarily propels blood toward the heart during the calf muscle pump?
• During expiration, which occurs?
• What does a normal exam look like during a pre-op arterial evaluation?
• Four-wire impedance measurement is used in which plethysmography method?
• Which of the following is a common graft/fistula complication?
• Which plethysmography method uses backscattered infrared light to detect blood volume changes?
• In a PTFE upper arm graft, which artery serves as the inflow?
• Which test demonstrates complete vs incomplete palmar arch patency?
• An abnormal penile/brachial index is defined as which value, indicating vasculogenic impotence?
• Thoracic outlet syndrome is approximately what percentage neurogenic and vascular?
• What is the first step in transcranial Doppler (TCD) assessment?
• ABI value indicating abnormal?
• What graft flow volume indicates poor dialysis?
• How long after calibration are PO2 readings noted?
• In photoplethysmography, which kind of light is detected by the sensor to quantify blood volume changes?
• During cold immersion testing for perfusion assessment, how long should the hand be immersed in cold water?
• Which finding is an indication for duplex assessment of a hemodialysis access graft?
• Which parameter is used to indicate stenosis at a graft site?
• Which statement best describes the penile/brachial index used in this evaluation?
• Which three findings must be present to diagnose graft stenosis?
• Blood flows from which pressure to which pressure?
• What size pseudoaneurysm is considered problematic?
• Which gradient threshold is considered acceptable for inter-arm comparison in pre-op arterial evaluation?
• Which value represents the highest recommended minimum venous diameter for an access graft?
• What fistula is created by connecting the radial to the cephalic or the ulnar to the basilic? ALSO known for long-term patency
• What is the minimum arterial lumen diameter for an access graft? (alternative phrasing)
• What is the normal TBI index?
• What is the normal graft flow volume range?